Health Information Technology Impact Health Care - 1418 Words

Throughout my interviewing process all aspects of health Information technology were discussed, and to my expectations the answers I received were somewhat expected. I interviewed a Registered Nurse who is currently employed by Covenant Healthcare with 20 years of experience, the mother of an infant who is very concerned about her kid’s health and believes it is a top priority, and a senior citizen who recently lost his due to complications associated with his diabetes. For the first question, the stakeholders were asked to voice their opinion on what they believed were the largest issues and challenges facing healthcare today. For the second question, How do they believe (the stakeholder) health information technology will impact health care in the future. First, we will cover the problems that the three different stakeholders see in the future of health care. The senior citizen and the newborns mother both shared a concern over the rising cost of care. With the senior citizen having chronic health issues and the newborns need for constant care cost can accumulate quickly. They both would benefit from an Accountable Care Organization, which would help curve cost and not make people who need care the most reluctant to receive it. According to Rittenhouse in 2011, An ACO is a provider-led organization whose mission is to manage the full continuum of care and be accountable for the overall costs and quality of care for a defined population. Joining in Accountable CareShow MoreRelatedHealth Information Technology Impact On The Quality Of Care Essay1778 Words   |  8 PagesHealth Information Technology Impact on the Quality of Care The health care industry is driven forward by the advancements in technology. Advancements in technology has improved the way health care treatments are delivered to patients. Patient outcomes are affected in the way that the care is being delivered. 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There are many electronics and technologies that are used in health care such as electronic health record, medication bar code scanning, electronic documentation, telenursing, and there are many more forms of technology that impact nursingRead MoreFuture Trends in Health Care1337 Words   |  6 PagesTrends in Health Care HCS/533 November 29, 2010 Future Trends in Health Care Personal face-to-face communication is and will continue to be the foundation of the patient- physician relationship. Electronic communication between caregivers and patient through telephones web-sites and e-mail are forcing medical staff and physicians to rethink the way they provide care to the patients, the accessibility to on-line health and wellness information. Home monitoring systems, personal health recordsRead MoreCase Analysis : Systems Acquisition1220 Words   |  5 Pages The Case Analysis: Systems Acquisition Courtney Givler MHA 616 Health Care Management Information Systems Instructor Deborah Bertsch May 9, 2016 The Case Analysis: Systems Acquisition For several years, the healthcare industry has focused on information technology for advancements. Now many health care leaders are seeking more complex information management processes. Information technology has advanced health care from a paper-based industry to a virtual enterprise. Providers are

Early Theory Example

Essays on Early Theory Term Paper Emotion theory I think the theory of James–Lange theory is probably the best known of all theories of emotion, if for no other reason than that it has generated a controversy that has spread from the 19th to the 21st century. Perhaps because of this it has also acted heuristically and stimulated other theories and much research (Cannon 106). He characterized, rightly, the everyday way of theorizing about these emotions as being:we mentally perceive somethingThis produces a mental affect emotionThis produces some bodily expression. James argued that the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the existing fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur IS the emotion. For instance, in terms of the everyday theory, rather than face some public performance to which we are unused at this point we become anxious and then have butterflies in the stomach, tremble, stutter and so on. In James’s terms we face the public performance, have butterflies, trembl e, stutter, and as a result feel anxious (Cannon 109). James was making a clear volte-face on previous thought, the guts of his theory depending on the view that the visceral discharges associated with some external situation actually lead to the emotion as we know and experience it. Support for this theory was based largely on introspection. The argument can be reduced to a few main points. James asserted that any sensation has extremely complex physiological manifestations and that these are all felt, some obviously, some more obscurely. We imagine some strong emotion and then try to push from consciousness all feelings of the bodily symptoms associated with it (Cannon 115). If we do this successfully, then in James’s terms there will be nothing left; the emotion will be gone. He cited many examples of how everyday situations lead to these complex, strong bodily feelings (seeing a child peering over the edge of a cliff, for example) and argued that his case is supported by the idea of how easily we can classify both normal and abnormal behavior according to bodily symptoms. In conclusion, this theory argues that afferent feedback from disturbed organs produces the feeling aspect of emotion. Any cortical activity that comes from this feedback is the emotion itself. It should be remembered that James not only emphasized the role of the viscera in emotion but also gave a similar role to the voluntary muscles. This laid the groundwork for a search for bodily patterns in emotion and for theories that stress the significance of facial expression in emotion.Work CitedCannon, Walter. "The James-Lange Theory of Emotions: A Critical Examination and an Alternative Theory". The American Journal of Psychology 1997 (39): 106–124.

Forensic Psychiatric Units In Uk Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(50) " spend was on secure and high dependence proviso\." Having established the importance of coloring material in impacting how an interior infinite can do us experience, I am traveling to further research the consequence of coloring material, visible radiation and infinite within psychiatric health care scenes. The aspiration is to supply evidence-informed waies for design solutions to advance improved patient results and greater staff satisfaction. This will be of usage to healthcare decision makers, medical professionals, interior decorators and the general populace. We will write a custom essay sample on Forensic Psychiatric Units In Uk Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is no scientific grounds to historical beliefs of coloring material ‘s power to mend, but at that place has been a long-standing captivation with the association. The Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians and Persians used coloring material and light therapies as a agency of mending ( Birren 1961 ; Demarco and Clarke 2001 ) . Equally early as 500 BC, Pythagoras is purported to hold used coloring material, music and poesy to bring around disease ( Birren 1961 ) . The Egyptians used coloring material halls within the great temples of Karnack and Thebes, to research their curative impact ( Anderson 1987 ) . Florence Nightingale besides recognised the impact of coloring material and visible radiation on improved wellness results: To any but an old nurse, or an old patient, the grade would be rather impossible to which the nervousnesss of the ill suffer from seeing the same walls, the same ceiling, the same milieus during a long parturiency to one or two suites. The nervous frame truly suffers every bit much from this. The consequence in illness of beautiful objects, of assortment of objects, and particularly of luster of coloring material is barely at all appreciated. I have seen in febrilities, the most acute agony produced from the patient non being able to see out of a window, and the knots in the wood being the lone position. I shall ne’er bury the ecstasy of febrility patients over a clump of bright colored flowers. Peoples say the consequence is merely on the head. It is no such thing. The consequence is on the organic structure excessively. Small as we know about the manner in which we are effected by signifier, by coloring material, and light, we do cognize this, that they have an existent phys ical consequence. Assortment of signifier and luster of coloring material in the objects presented to patients are existent agencies of recovery ( Nightingale 1859 ) . To day of the month, while there have been many surveies on the impact of environment on wellbeing ( Rubin, Owens et Al. 1998 ) , no surveies have focussed on the consequence of coloring material, visible radiation and infinite in isolation in a psychiatric infirmary scene ( Dijkstra, Pieterse et Al. 2006 ) . Mental Illness Before the debut of refuges, those enduring from mental unwellness were treated with a ferocious deficiency of feeling, frequently chained at place, or fastened to a interest in a public workhouse or poorhouse. They were often the topic of ridicule, spectacle or public athletics. Early refuges were likened to prisons, with no idea of improved public assistance or therapy. In the early 1800s the term psychopathology was born, together with the construct of psychic medical specialty as scientific discipline. While an mixture of therapies were developed, these were chiefly physical ( Shorter 1997 ) . The refuge seemed a ‘mirror of devastation ‘ . The interior wards and corridors were â€Å" confined to a fluctuation on two colorss – dark cocoa and buttery viridity. † Walking through the wards, one would see the schizophrenics â€Å" who spend their full twenty-four hours in false statuesque positions aˆÂ ¦.. or swaying rhythmically and indefatigably backw ards and forward † ( Rollin 1990 ) . Forensic Mental Health Servicess The closing of the refuges in the 2nd half of the twentieth Century ( Barham 1992 ; Jones 1993 ) resulted in a switch in accent to community attention of the mentally sick, making spreads in proviso. The demand was for non-acute, medium-secure installations. This gave rise to forensic psychopathology in the 1970 ‘s. Unit of measurements contain earnestly mental ailment patients enduring from schizophrenic disorder, terrible personality upsets, larning disablements, autistic spectrum upsets or other unwellnesss ( Turner and Salter 2008 ) . The forensic mental wellness service provides clinical intervention and rehabilitation for wrongdoers and those at hazard of piquing with mental wellness jobs. Their function is to cut down emphasis to sick persons and its behavioral effects, and minimization of hazard to harm to others through proviso of high and average secure installations ( Department of Health 2007 ) . The Cost and Scope of Mental Health Servicess Surveies have shown every bit many as nine out of every 10 captives has some signifier of mental unwellness ( Singleton, Meltzer et Al. 1998 ) . Fig. 1 indicates a progressive one-year addition of forensic psychiatric patients, lifting from 2,650 in 1996 to about 4,000 in July 2007 ; an addition of 45 % between the period 1996 to 2006. Fig. 2. , shows five old ages and less is normally the length of detainment, but more than a one-fourth stay for over 10 old ages ( Rutherford and Duggan 2007 ) . ll high and average secure beds are funded and provided by the NHS. There are about 800 high and 3,500 medium secure beds geographically dispersed ( Rutherford and Duggan 2007 ) . As seen in figures 3 and 4, there is a wide age scope of patients, the bulk falling between 26 and 64 old ages of age, with a scope of cultural backgrounds. The estimated overall cost of mental unwellness to the UK is more than ?110 billion a twelvemonth ( Friedli and Parsonage 2007 ) . The authorities has challenged the NHS with happening ?15 – 20 billion of efficiencies in the 3 old ages from 2011 ( Policy Unit of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, Mental Health Network et Al. 2009 ) . The economic downswing with its societal jobs is likely to worsen the strain on mental wellness resources ( Policy Unit of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, Mental Health Network et Al. 2009 ) . Figure 5 shows that the largest spend of mental wellness investing is on clinical services, including acute patient attention, the 2nd largest spend was on secure and high dependence proviso. You read "Forensic Psychiatric Units In Uk Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" I had hoped to be able to determine the mean cost per patient for drugs per twelvemonth, but have been unable to obtain this degree of item. Behavioural Issues and Relationships within Forensic Psychiatric Hospitals Throughout history there has been a stigma attached to mental unwellness ( Smith and Giggs 1988 ) , an disposition to handle sick persons as different or unsafe ( Philo 1989 ) . Focault describes mental infirmaries as infinites of medical power where patients are subordinated to medical staff and controlled by wider society, through attitude and because their hospitalization is non ever voluntary. The panoptic nature of psychiatric units creates a power relation between staff and patients ( Foucault 1991 ) which can take to resentment, choler, and defeat, high-lighting the importance of patient staff relationships. Aggressive and riotous behaviors are the main issues for staff and patients in psychiatric infirmaries ( James, Fineberg et Al. 1990 ; Foster, Bowers et Al. 2007 ) . Patients frequently find it hard to exert power in the procedure of their intervention, feel disrespected and socially constrained ( Daffern, Mayer et Al. 2003 ) . The bulk are immature grownup males ( 88 % male, 12 % female ) , with a ratio of one-in-eight female service suppliers ( Rutherford and Duggan 2007 ) . The power relationship between immature grownup males and female staff is likely to be more complex than male to male, because of the patient ‘s feelings of powerlessness. Meehan ‘s survey high spots five major causal subjects for aggressive behavior ; the environment, empty yearss, staff interactions, medicine issues and patient centred factors ( Meehan, McIntosh et Al. 2006 ) . Medicine was considered by patients a agencies of behavioral control or penalty, instead than a path to wellness, and frequently the cause of unpredictable behavior and aggressive effusions ( Meehan, McIntosh et Al. 2006 ) . It is hard to make a curative environment when ill will is on a regular basis at the bow. The staff are frequent marks of force, doing emphasis and strained relationships ( Daffern, Mayer et Al. 2003 ) . Stress, is a major obstruction to healing and impacts occupation satisfaction and staff turnover ( Paroles 1982 ; Ulrich 1990 ) . Topographic point is tied to the look and formation of an person ‘s sense of individuality and their place in society ( Geores and Gesler 1999 ) . Shared infinite in a psychiatric infirmary can act upon the relationship between staff and patients. Halford and Leonard suggest that, â€Å" Not merely do people do infinites, but infinites possibly used to do people † ( Halford and Leonard 2003 ) . Topographic point evolves from infinite, when personal significance is attached to the infinite ( Buttimer and Seamon 1980 ) . Laischenko believes topographic points organise societal infinite and, hence, societal dealingss and power ( Liaschenko 1994 ) . Forensic psychiatric installations are a premier illustration of such infinites. It is, hence, imperative to see how the infirmary environment respects single personality, penchants, civilization and faith and its impact on emotional and perceptual response to color ( as discussed in my old paper ) . Such elements may besides be to boot modified for the patient ‘s by their unwellness, or forced detainment ( Curtis, Gesler et Al. 2007 ) . The Role of Colour and Light in Forensic Psychiatric Hospital Design Traditionally the accent for health care design was strictly functional ( Ulrich 2001 ) . There has been a more recent displacement in design accent with sentiment traveling toward health care installations which are psychologically supportive ( Rugs 1989 ) . There is some grounds that environmental stimulations within infirmaries can impact patient results ( Rubin, Owens et Al. 1998 ; Ulrich 2001 ; Dijkstra, Pieterse et Al. 2006 ; Dijkstra, Pieterse et Al. 2008 ) . In interviews, 45 % of patients with mental wellness issues said ward conditions had a negative consequence on their wellness ( Baker 2000 ) . The restraints and deficiency of pick unfastened to patients of psychiatric wards, and to some extent the staff, means they are even more vulnerable to the quality and effects of their architectural environment ( Oberascher 2010 ) . Wall coloring material and lighting, as an environmental stimulation, is a inexpensive and efficient manner to modify the ambiance of a infinite. Whilst applied research to back up the effects of environmental coloring material within health care installations is limited, there is much to back up the effects of coloring material on emotions and some physiological responses. As antecedently discussed, forensic psychiatric units are fraught with emotional issues, peculiarly aggression and force. The undermentioned subdivision will research the usage of appropriate coloring materials and visible radiation to modify patient behavior and better wellbeing for both patients and staff. With planned authorities support cuts within mental health care, any agencies of cut downing costs, yet bettering results, would be good. This could take the signifier of decreased necessity for medicine, reduced hooliganism and aggression on the wards, and greater staff satisfaction, therefore cut downing turnover and ill leave. Patients can be prone to hallucinations, which can be motivated by under or over stimulation ; hence, an appropriate balance of stimulation is critical in planing psychiatric installations. When the encephalon lacks stimulation from a humdrum environment, other stimulation is sought, either through aggressive behavior, or by withdrawing into a fantasy universe. Conversely, when over stimulated by excessively much information or deficiency of lucidity, centripetal pandemonium ensues, which the patient can non treat or test. Schizophrenia can make troubles in telling, processing and filtrating centripetal informations. Highly saturated colorss can advance synaesthesia to such an extent that sick persons can savor, experience or hear the coloring material. Hallucinations can besides be trigger by spacial semblances, contemplations, excessively patterned or glistening surfaces, lines or cheques. Therefore it is of import to avoid â€Å" ocular noise † , with clear and unsophistica ted signals sing the patient ‘s environment ( Meerwin and Rodeck 2007 ) . Colour and visible radiation can back up stress decrease by implementing supportive design through usage of visible radiation and coloring material within infinite. The chief triggers for emphasis are loss of freedom or control, often ensuing in violent effusions. This can dwell of loss of freedom of motion and activity and loss of environmental control, in the signifier of degree of stimulation or positive distractions ( Oberascher 2010 ) . Colour is already used within infirmaries to help in manner determination and designation, but can besides lend to designation of topographic point and usage, supplying clear, specific and symbolic points of mention. Clear limit of functional countries through usage of coloring material would cut down confusion and give patients a greater sense of control. For case, a alteration in coloring material of shocking can specify a infinite and its intent, such as unagitated countries for relaxation, versus countries for activity. A combination of warm and cold colors should be used, together with complimentary coloring material niceties. This would convey a degree of rousing from the warm pallet, with chairing composure from the cold pallet ( Meerwin and Rodeck 2007 ) . The facilitation of personal lighting in patients ‘ suites would enable an component of control of their environment. Progresss in LED engineering have resulted in low-cost coloring material altering visible radiation s, which can bathe a room in a coloring material to fit 1s temper, admiting personal pick and penchant. The coloring material of a room can promote or blockade activities. For illustration, a white room may look unfertile and unwelcoming, hence discourage relaxation and societal interaction, while an excessively colored room every bit anti-social because of its overpowering nature. White should be avoided in expansive countries as it creates a sense of intangibleness, lacks comfort and heat, looking space and empty ( Meerwin and Rodeck 2007 ) . It is of import to make infinites which have a sense of dowdiness within psychiatric installations, to advance feelings of security and stableness ( Curtis, Gesler et Al. 2007 ) . The quality of illuming within a infinite can impact its users in many ways. The term â€Å" ocular elation † in a infinite has been associated with positive degrees of satisfaction for residents ( Jay, Loe et Al. 1997 ) . A survey by Veitch, Newsham et Al showed those who felt their office lighting was of high quality, viewed the infinite as more attractive, showed greater wellbeing at the terminal of the twenty-four hours and reported more pleasant temper ( Veitch, Newsham et Al. 2008 ) . Satisfaction with illuming contributes to greater environmental satisfaction, taking to improved productiveness, greater occupation satisfaction, which in bend leads to higher degrees of committedness and decreased staff turnover ( Veitch, Newsham et Al. 2008 ) . Cost nest eggs can be found in utilizing tenancy detectors for less used suites and daylight harvest home to maximize free visible radiation beginnings. Entree to natural daytime is besides of import in associating patients and staff to the outside universe and bettering wellbeing ( Ulrich 2001 ; Oberascher 2010 ) , so directing daytime or supplementing with natural daytime bulbs would be supportive. To make greater ocular involvement, a combination of direct and indirect lighting should be used. A deficiency of difference in aglow denseness can make a dull, humdrum ambiance, with textureless surfaces and a shadowless brightness. Direct illuming would ease efficient undertaking public presentation, while indirect illuming would make a more relaxed atmosphere. Daylight is besides of import in keeping the organic structure ‘s natural circadian beat when in infirmary for drawn-out periods, which is the instance for most psychiatric patients. The alteration in light way and strength gives assortment and involvement within the comparatively inactive environment of a infirmary ward ( Okidaira, Kripke et Al. 1983 ) . In the Mental Unit at St Mary ‘s Hospital, London, roof visible radiations are used to make a sense of freedom, despite the degree of security ( Gesler, Bell et Al. 2004 ) . Jameso, Love et Al, compared the degrees of rousing among patients held in a confined, ill lit, secure psychiatric unit, compared with those in a bright, broad unit. The latter unit, was positively associated with far less degrees of rousing ( Olver, Love et Al. 2009 ) . Coloring material can besides be used to command reflected visible radiation, cut down blaze and do the most of natural daytime. As discussed earlier, brooding glistening surfaces can trip hallucination in psychiatric patients. Similarly window interventions can function to filtrate daytime through different types of blinds or semitransparent cloths. The coloring material and materiality of blinds and cloths used can hold a pronounced consequence through reflected visible radiation and coloring material ; demonstrated by figure? . For case, wooden blinds can return a heater visible radiation into the room. As figure shows, a strongly coloured bedcover or duvet screen can do a important difference through reflected coloring material. Coloring material introduced through cloths and trappingss can besides make a more ‘homely ‘ feel, breeding a greater sense of comfort and security. Consideration should be given to twenty-four hours and dark illuming strategies in relation to color design, as color render can radically alter under different light beginnings. Surveies on the impact of coloring material within office infinite on the public presentation and temper of its resident ‘s high spots human individualism. Individual ability to test out irrelevant stimulation varies harmonizing to 1s province of temper, whether depressed or happy ( Kwallek, Woodson et Al. 1997 ) . In add-on to utmost instances of schizophrenic disorder and hallucinations, patients in psychiatric infirmaries are more likely to be dying or unsure and accordingly less able to test information ( Dijkstra, Pieterse et Al. 2008 ) . Therefore, the consequence of coloring material should be considered in its context. For case, whilst there is grounds to propose that bluish green colorss can make a calming consequence, they can hold a negative effect on temper for patients with depression and less energy ( Gutheil and Daly 1980 ) . This may be utile for privacy suites where the desire is to quiet the patient and dissipate aggression and inordinate energy ( Gutheil and Daly 1980 ) , but non where the purpose is to elate temper. The mix of patients in regard of faith, civilization, sex and age should besides be considered when choosing coloring material, as there is grounds that these elements can besides impact color perceptual experience. Additionally, cubic decimeter can happen no empirical research to determine whether mental unwellness adds yet another distinguishing consideration to responses to color. For case, some mental patients have stated that they have an intolerance of orange and ruddy tones ( Baker 2000 ) . Their intolerance may be independent of their mental unwellness, but this is non clear. With its comprehensive coloring material pallet, nature can further stress recovery through its ability to arouse positive feelings. Research has shown that scenes having nature, in contrast to construct or urban positions, promote faster physiological recovery ( Ulrich 1990 ; Ulrich 2001 ) . Prisoners reported higher degrees of health when cells had Windowss with positions ( Moore 1982 ; West 1985 ) . While it may non ever be possible to supply Windowss with positions within forensic psychiatric infirmaries, the coloring material and signifier of nature can be introduced via art and wall paintings. This would supply ocular stimulation and assortment to both staff and patients in a restricted and confined environment. Backlit screens could be used to expose altering scenes to cut down humdrum. Detention cells, which for grounds of security are frequently windowless, could utilize natural scenes to bring on a sense of composure. A study of staff, visitants and patients at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, claimed 75 % reported the art aggregation reduced their emphasis degrees, improved their temper and took their head off their immediate jobs ( Gesler, Bell et Al. 2004 ) . Ownership of infinite can besides cut down negative behavior or feelings. A corridor could be perceived as an undesignated infinite within a psychiatric infirmary. Transitional infinites, those between assigned infinites, are where most aggression or negative activity occurs ( Boerger and Shepley 1990 ) . In distinguishing the coloring material coating, or possibly presenting wall art, the infinite becomes public and ownership is taken. Connection could be farther introduced by affecting the patients in painting or planing a mural. Patients could personalize the doors to their sleeping rooms. Staff could be involved in the pick of color strategy to their break-out or staff countries to bring forth a sense of ownership and exclusion or reprieve from patients. Plants could be used to convey coloring material to a infinite and besides surrogate ownership by affecting the patients in their attention. Engagement of staff and patients in pick within their environment physiques consensus. F or patients, personal self-respect is really of import in promoting a positive attitude towards staff, intervention and the day-to-day restraints of their lives ( Department of Health 2007 ) . Negative self-image is closely associated with mental unwellness. The degree of ornament within their infinite reflects a positive respectful attitude towards mental unwellness. Christenfeld et Al found that patients ‘ negative self-image improved in a remodelled ward ( Christenfeld, Wagner et Al. 1989 ) . Decision Mental unwellness in the UK is increasing yearly, bing the authorities one million millions of lbs each twelvemonth. The Government is demanding NHS efficiencies to suit support decreases over the following 3 old ages. I believe there is a existent chance to act upon wellbeing for both patients and staff through the use of coloring material and visible radiation within forensic psychiatric installations. This would be a low cost intercession which could hold a figure of benefits if implemented in an informed mode. It could help in bettering behavior and decrease in the usage of medicine, with attendant cost nest eggs. It could besides help in bettering staff morale and keeping through improved patient wellbeing affecting less intercession. While there is no scientific grounds to back up historical beliefs of the ability of coloring material to mend, there is strong indicant of its ability to consequence temper and some physiological responses. Chemical reaction to color is driven by cognitive and direct physiological response. For this ground, idea should be given to the single features of patients when implementing a coloring material and illuming design strategy, such as age, sex, civilization, etc. Within psychiatric installations there are extra factors to see, such as ability to filtrate ocular ‘noise ‘ , which in many instances is more utmost than in persons without mental unwellness. I believe this is an country which would profit from farther research to supply more elaborate counsel. Colour and illuming design has the ability to carry through a figure of standards in its spacial and atmospheric atmosphere. For illustration, usage of coloring material on walls, bedding and trappingss can make a sense of place, conveying heat, security, trust and stableness, which is critical in supplying a curative environment for psychiatric patients ; frequently missing in their lives outside of infirmary. Clear limits and use of infinite can be created to understate confusion and emphasis through stimulation and distinction of spacial qualities. Used in context, coloring material can promote appropriate temper, behavior and responses. Colour and light can be used to heighten degrees of attending and concentration by direction of warm and cold colors. Contact and interaction with the environment and the outside universe can be enhanced by the use and use of natural daytime. Daylight and unreal visible radiation can be controlled to pull off or heighten degrees of reflected visible radiation to better coloring material render or grades of contemplation from surfaces. Consensus between staff and patients can be achieved through engagement with picks in their milieus ; furthering positive relationships. The staff could be given autonomy to make a relaxed infinite off from patients. The patients could hold the chance to command personal lighting and coloring material. Choice of graphics, wall paintings, personalisation of sleeping room doors, could all function to construct ownership, taking to higher degrees of satisfaction. Authorization can cut down emphasis in patients who feel constrained by their state of affairs and status, better patient self-respect and self-image. Nature ‘s coloring material pallet and iconography can be used to arouse positive feelings. This can be done in a figure of originative ways, through art, digital imagination, wall paintings and colorss used on walls, stuffs and trappingss. Constraints and Recommendations For security grounds I have been unable to derive entree to a forensic psychiatric unit, so hold relied on secondary research. Whilst there is an increasing involvement in curative environments within health care installations, there is small research concentrating specifically on the impact of coloring material and visible radiation. I have been unable to happen empirical research on the effects of coloring material and visible radiation within psychiatric installations and experience that much could be gained for both staff and patients from such probe. How to cite Forensic Psychiatric Units In Uk Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Philosophers Essay Example For Students

Philosophers Essay During the ancient Greek period there were rivalries between poet-dramatist and political philosophers, they both had their own views of how harmony should be achieved. Although some of their ideas were similar, Aristophanes and Plato had conflicting methods of accomplishing harmony, reconciliation, and peace. Some of these ideas still affect how we live our lives today from politics to our though process. Both of these men believed that change was necessary for the ideal conditions to exist. In the time period that these two men lived and shared their thoughts, society was based upon a rigid structure, things have been a certain way and no one wanted or thought about change. People felt that things were a specific way for a certain reason and should remain that way because that is how it should be. They based the way they lived around traditions as we also due today. Today we have turkey on Thanksgiving because we follow traditions set forth by our ancestors. Aristophanes wrote the play Lysistrata that depicted men as ignorant and barbaric. The women on the other hand were negotiable and experienced. At the time Aristophanes used humor to etch thoughts into peoples minds. He believed that women should rule or at the least play a major role in society and politics. Plato had a similar idea, he thought that women should be equal with men and also share the positions of politics; this would create an equilibrium because men and woman have different qualities that would counterbalance society.One of the main points that Aristophanes and Plato had was the structure of state, family, and society. Aristophanes thought that politics should be ran as the family was. Therefore government and the citizens should come together and work as one, the same way that a family is controlled. At the time their were conflicts and regulations that were stopping this to become reality, for instance, the women being second class citizens when in actuality they r an the household when the men were off fighting in wars. They handled all of the duties like clockwork. At the time men were the dominant figures in society ruling all, just as a monarch or dictatorship would control all of its subordinates. He created Lysistrata to poke fun of the ways things were controlled, and also to show that change would be the only logical solution to the ignorant views. This was his way of telling people that if they wanted life to be lived in harmony and peace they would have to accept a new point of view and open their minds to change. Plato on the other hand viewed the situation slightly different; he believed that there are different classes of people. All people are born with their skills and evolve to different levels. He thought that there were two different classes of people, one class he referred to as the workers (today we have a working class), which are the majority, then you also have the ruling class, which are the minority. The workers are responsible for providing material needs of its republic; the ruling class is responsible for promoting and providing social justice and harmony. Plato feels that people have a purpose some are meant to use different skills that others. The working class should have no say in making difficult decisions because that is not what they are built for, they possess the ability to work with their physical gifts. Also the ruling class is not cut out for labor or physical work, they should use their minds to organize and oversee issues that are a negative impact on a society and promote justice. In the comedy Lysistrata, Aristophanes is also trying to show that peoples desires and passions are more powerful and controlling, they have the ability to overcome almost anything. He had the women use sexual tension as a weapon on their enemy, which were the men. He showed that sexual abstinence by the women, unnerved the men, this brought the men to the bargaining table, and the womens demands were meet. There is nothing else that could of intervened to stop the fighting except for the mens passion of a womans touch. Plato thought and believed that things should be seen in a form. He thinks that you need to see things in this way in order to perceive the true nature of something. He tried to prove this in Allegory of the Cave; in this writing he used shadows to show that people dont always see what they think they see. In order to see the true form of something you must in essence open your eyes and see the light. For most people this is impossible to achieve , the reason this is so difficult to do is peoples passions interfere with their true perceptions. You must rid yourselves from passions and addictions to accomplish an open mind. For this reason he believes that the ability to do this is so hard that most people dont see the true form or meanings of many things. They only see the shadow but not the whole picture. It takes self-control to gain knowledge. This is the reason that only certain people are fit to rule because they can see the true dimension of objects, with this ability they can help others accomplish harmony and justice. These two men were without a doubt extraordinary thinkers. Although they used different means to spread their thoughts they still have one thing in common, the belief that change has to occur. They both had these ideas about problems with in society and politics. They broke the barrier for people to open their minds and accept traditions to be abandoned to achieve the ideal conditions for a harmonious l ife. They viewed justice as an enormous step in achieving the goal of utopia. Many of their thoughts and beliefs exist and shape our lives today; from the laws we obey and follow, to the creation of our political system. These men were more that philosophers and play writers but pioneers of believing we can accomplish happiness. Bibliography:

Knottyville Case Essay Example

Knottyville Case Essay After completing and discussing this case, you should be able to Evaluate misappropriation risk factors Evaluate internal controls Design new control Governance in non-profit sector Analyze materiality decisions Apply ASS 99, PEPCO ASS, and SAAB 99 Perform cost benefit analysis Knotty,ill Country Club: An Instructional Case on Asset Misappropriation There was a stunned silence in the courtroom as the Circuit Judge was about to announce the sentence. Mimi are sentenced to 15 years in prison for grand theft. Your abominable conduct ran long and deep, and it is now time to pay for it, said the Judge. The judge also suspended an additional 25 years in prison time for Fancy Rockbound. One of the members of the country club told Fancy that she was trusted as a family member by the patrons of the club and that trust was betrayed by Fancy. Overview of the Club: Inattentively Country Club (the Club) caters to the desires of its 1 ,800 dues-paying full members, 800 associate members and their guests. It also rents out its halls and ballrooms for weddings, reunions, and other gatherings. We will write a custom essay sample on Knottyville Case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Knottyville Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Knottyville Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Built on the banks of the Missouri river, Inattentively Country Club offers a variety of exciting , fun-filled activities for its members. The Club was established in 1944 with a nine-hole golf course and an outdoor swimming pool. Since its opening, the Club has steadily continued to expand. It now (in 2007) has one of the most impressive 27-hole golf courses in the upper Midwest, six tennis courts, a spectacular clubhouse with lovely views, two swimming pools, an indoor basketball court, beautiful dining rooms with chandeliers, a restaurant, a bar and other opulent amenities. The Club facilities were in great emend and there was a six-month waiting time to book the halls for company picnics, banquets, family reunions, wedding receptions, and the like. There was also a waiting period to gain full membership. Inattentively Country Club is a member- owned, private country club. The seven member board of directors is elected every two years by the members. It includes four officersthe president, vice president, secretary and treasurer?and is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Club. The board has broad powers to borrow money and to enter into contracts necessary for the normal operation of the Club. The Club has five committees membership committee, the finance committee, the nominating committee, the construction and maintenance committee and the special events committee. The treasurer is an ex-officio member of the finance committee. The finance committee met Just twice a year. The Club was taking in approximately $8 million each year in membership fees alone. In addition, the restaurant, the bar, banquets, rentals and a variety of other programs brought in an additional $18 million each year. The president of the club was a friendly, Jovial fellow and treated everyone with great warmth. He had no accounting or finance background. He was very trusting of people, in general and considered all employees and members as belonging to one big happy family. Shenanigans of the general manager: Fancy Rockbound was employed by the Club in a variety of capacities for twenty-two years including the bookkeeping function. The last six years she served as the general manager and continued to serve as the bookkeeper for the Club. Fancy was also in charge of ordering all supplies. The Club policy required two signatures on each check. As the general manager, Fancy had check signing authority. The other signature had to come from another employee, Sarah or from Robert, who is on the road of directors and is the treasurer. Fancy often asked Sarah to sign blank checks in advance so that she can pay the bills on time and does not have to wait for the second signature. Unsuspecting Sarah would readily oblige and would sign several blank checks from time to time. As the bookkeeper, Fancy was in charge of maintaining the accounting records. She did the monthly bank reconciliation as well. Every three months Fancy would meet with the finance committee of the board and report about the financial situation. She would prepare simple profit and loss statements and a balance sheet. Working with the treasurer, she also presented the annual budget to the finance committee for its approval. Because Fancy was in charge of ordering supplies, she would often insist that they buy alcoholic beverages from a particular supplier who was her college classmate. Members of the Club were allowed to charge their meals and drinks and pay for them later when the monthly statements are mailed to them. Fancy would charge a few dollars extra to some members monthly restaurant/bar bills. If the members did not notice the extra charge, she would keep the money. If the members complained that they did not order that item or were not at the club on that day, she would apologize, blame it on clerical error and give credit to the complaining members. She would then accuse the server of punching in the wrong member number and take small amounts of money ($50, $36, $84 etc. Out of the paychecks of servers. Fannys argument was that the servers had to pay for the mistakes they made. The amounts taken from the servers were quite small when compared to the gigantic amount stolen. Fancy has been spotted by her co-workers at various video lottery parlors over the years. There is a rumor that she had a mild gambling addiction. She had acquired a couple of expensi ve sports cars in recent years and has taken several expensive vacations to exotic places including the French Riviera, Bangkok, and the Bahamas. It was revealed in court that Fancy had paid off large personal credit card debts of her family using the stolen money. The grand theft occurred evenly over a six-year period from 2001 to 2006. Ironically, it was a bank official who got suspicious about some transactions and alerted the president of the club. The bank official did some investigation when he found out that the business account of the Club was overdrawn. His investigation account to take care of the balance. Alarm bells rang. He blew the whistle by informing the Club president about his suspicions. The Club terminated Fannys employment in February, 2007 and ordered an internal investigation. A month later, the Club also filed a police complaint about the grand theft. When Fancy was sentenced to 15 years in prison, she had already paid back $400,000 of the $1. 2 million she had embezzled. She has sold her home and other assets to pay back this money. The Club is unlikely to get any more money from Fancy and the remaining $800,000 is gone. This whole episode has made many club members rather uneasy and 400 of them have already quit the club.

Michael Fay essays

Michael Fay essays In late February 1994, an American teenager (Michael Fay) studying in Singapore, was charged with 53 counts of vandalism, including spray-painting cars and sentenced to six strokes from a cane made of bamboo-like strips. Interestingly, the fact that Singapore was punishing a young American involved in acts of anti-social behavior hardly appeared to have the makings of an international incident. However, over the next two months the case spiraled into one of the biggest regional media events of the year provoking terse exchanges from the leaders of both countries and triggering a vitriolic press war between American newspapers and Singaporean newspapers. Then president Bill Clinton wrote a letter to Singapore president Ong Teng Cheong and personally requested that Michael Fay be granted clemency. However, the Singapore government refused to acquit him, but reduced his sentence to three strokes of the cane instead out of respect for America. This change in events led to reports in the New York Times about the American government threatening to scuttle Singapores bid to host the first meeting of the new global trade order in retaliation for the whipping1. Singapore's pro-government newspaper, The Straits Times, retaliated and called the move "grossly indecent2". Ironically, that America might drag the momentous trade meeting into a seemingly inane dispute over the welfare of Michael Fays buttocks was rather appropriate. This is because the Michael Fay case was the epitome of a cultural conflict being fuelled by increasing trade ties and competition between the East and the West. This incident brought to light an array of political and cultural tensions between the two countries: to cane an alien who violated Singapores laws, or to bow down to a political and economical heavyweight America. A significant representation of each countrys sentiments can be observed from the coverage of this event by the ...

Conversation Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conversation Analysis - Essay Example However, illocutionary act is largely said to occur when the meaning of the speech is to promise, order or bequeath (Austin 1962). In the case of the conversation 1, the speech act happens is illocutionary as the speech is intended at ordering the other person to get something – the price of the paint. For example, â€Å"A: Uhm .. what's the price now eh with VAT Do you know eh† uses the imperative type of clause to ask the question. While the participant A, starts the conversation with a simple statement (A I ordered some paint from you uh a couple of weeks ago some vermilion), what he wanted to know was : 1. If the vermillion paint was still available with the shop 2. If the price with VAT would be affordable for him to buy Turn-Taking and Pauses Pauses are considered as speech irregularities or breaks in otherwise smooth conversation. Pauses occur because of different reasons like to act as fillers when the speaker is unsure of what to say or how to shape his speech; when the speaker is slow in thinking the best words to use; when the speaker wants to use the pause to mean something like give a cue to the listener to start the conversation or decide about his answer; or when the speaker is not sure if its his turn to start talking. Most of the literature on conversation analysis seggregates pauses into pauses related to turn taking – as in the case of giving both the speakers cues to take up the speech; or in the form of fillers. In the case of conversation 1, there are several pauses used by A: 5 A [An- 6 A Uhm .. what's the price now eh with VAT Do you know eh The pause in speech of A shows that the customer wants to place a request – to check with the price inclusive of the VAT and thinks that his request will require the other person to make some effort. 8 A Thanks (10 second pause) This pause is simply a turn pause as the speaker A waits for the speaker B to give an answer to his query. 12 A Eh (1.0) yes u:hm (dental click) j us - justa think That's what three nineteen The pause shown in the above sentense is indicative of the fact that the speaker is hesitating and making mental calculation or processing the information given my B. 15 A Er, hh I'll tell you what I'll just eh eh ring you back I have to work out how many 16 I' 11 need Sorry I did - wasn't sure of the price you see In the above example again, the speaker is showing uncertainty and some shyness as he feels that B may think bad of him when he reveals that he will actually not buy the paint because of price. 7 B Er I'll just work that out for you This pause is used by B as a filler, to tide over the fact that he wants the other person to wait a bit while he checks the required information. It also conveys tha meaning that B has accepted to do what A has asked him to. Adjacency Pairs Adjacency pair is a way of continuing the conversation through turn taking. It is an essential part of dialogue and it takes place when two people speak one after the other. The adjency pair is guided by the Grice's conversational maxim of manner (1991), which requires that the second speaker has to make an utterance that has a relevance to the theme of the speech used by the first. The first speaker sets the pace of the conversation and gives cue to what the other person is needed to say in return. The example of

Pairs Trading And Strategies And The CAPM Dissertation

Pairs Trading And Strategies And The CAPM - Dissertation Example Besides testing a model, this study will also be testing market efficiency and using use Cointegration as a decision rule for pair selection, try to ascertain whether different and more efficient rules may be implemented. In order to calculate asset returns we need the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) which gives predictions on how to measure risk and the relationship between risk and return. The relationship of expected return is linear and is necessary to explain differences in returns among securities. Introduction Pairs trading include tested methods used to identify and invest in pairs. This was developed by Morgan Stanley in the 1980’s and is today one of the most commonly used strategies in the finance and trading industry. Using this strategy, an investor looks at two assets, whose prices have moved together in the past. As the price spread widens, the investor takes a short position in the outperforming asset and a long position in the underperforming asset hoping t hat the spread will move back again, thereby generating profits. If history then repeats itself, prices will congregate and the arbitrageur will earn revenue. For example, if the U.S. equity markets were efficient at all times, risk-adjusted returns from pairs trading would never be positive. The Morgan Stanley group disbanded in 1989 after a couple of bad years of performance, pairs trading has since then become an progressively more well known market-neutral investment strategy used by investors as well as hedge funds. The increased popularity of quantitative based statistical arbitrage strategies has also been affecting the profits. The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a vital area of financial management that has contributed to finance becoming a scientific and fully fledged discipline of study. There abounds criticism that the Capital Asset Pricing Model is somewhat unrealistic due to the assumptions that it is based upon. This includes the assumption that investors would only require returns on the systematic risking of their portfolios, due to the removal of the unsystematic risk which can hence be ignored. The market neutral portfolios are constructed using just two securities, consisting of a long position in one and a short position in the other, in a predetermined ratio. The two versions of pairs trading in the equity markets are statistical arbitrage pairs and risk arbitrage pairs. A Statistical arbitrage pair trading is based on the idea of relative pricing. The underlying premise in relative pricing is that stocks with similar characteristics must be priced more or less the same. The spread in the case may be thought of as a degree of mutual mispricing, so the greater the spread, the higher the magnitude of mispricing and hence a greater scope of profit. The strategy involves assuming a long-short position when the spread is substantially away from the mean. It is expected that the mispricing will be correct. The position is then reversed an d profits are made when the spread reverts. The pairs trading strategy might be justified within an equilibrium asset-pricing framework with non-stationary common factors as noted in Fund & Hsieh (1999). Asset returns can be computed by Capital Asset Pri

Which is and will be the most powerful institution guiding human Essay

Which is and will be the most powerful institution guiding human activity in the next century... the state... the market ... or NGOS and IGOS - Essay Example Why is this so? First, most issues will have continued to be supra-national in nature to which the state is inherently constricted by its territorial boundaries. Hence, there is the increasing need for global governance (UBUNTU Foundation 94). As such, this makes IGOs most in demand, because the very supra-national nature of IGOs enables them to transcend the limitations of the state, while allowing them to act just like the state. In short, IGOs can govern globally. Where the state cannot intervene into the peace and security problem of a neighboring state, IGOs can. As defined, IGOs are created through a constitutive treaty involving two or more nations that come together in good faith for a common issue of interest. They are meant to create a mechanism through which nations of the world could work collaboratively more successfully concerning peace and security, economic and social issues. (Koteen, par. 1-2) Thus unlike NGOs, IGOs, Pease explains, have international legal personali ty. Meaning, IGOs are authorized to act under international law. For example, they can enter into international agreements with other international organizations and states; they can file a case in national courts; and they are also given immunities similar to the state. (6-7) Therefore, IGOs can be as powerful as the state in a much broader framework. Second, the unregulated dominant position of the market in the world economy, as manifested by the pervading powers of transnational and multinational corporations, is perceived not only to have increasingly threatened the sovereignty of nations but also to have caused poverty and to have widened inequality as it polarizes the world between the rich North and the poor South (Lodge and Wilson 9), which to many are enough reasons for violent conflicts to further intensify and for rebellion and terrorism to be justified. Though it may be argued that poverty is not the main cause of terrorism, Von Hippel sustains that there exists a signi ficant relationship between economic vulnerability and radicalism and terrorism (52-53). Suffice it to say therefore that the market, given its greed for profit, tends to exacerbate rather than mitigate violence and insecurity. Given this negative perception of the market, the need for global governance to regulate the market in order to lessen its impact on global economic inequality, consequently lessening possible sources of global insecurity, will become a necessity. Hence, the IGOs will become more influential. In fact, history shows the consistent trend that every after major world conflicts (i.e., Russo-Japanese War, World War I, and World War II), the emergence of IGOs for peace and security sharply increases (Jordan 18). Since the threats of world conflicts, though may no longer be in the form of world war, remains; the necessity for IGOs stands. Third, IGOs have consistently shown their effectiveness not only in finding ways to help resolve interstate conflicts but even in helping nation-state deal with its intractable conflicts (Brahm, par. 1). Hence, the prime usefulness of IGOs rests on their capability to provide states with a forum through which they can sit down and resolve their conflicts – Something that the market and the nation-state have not shown to be capable of. This cited effectiveness of IGOs could be attributed to the very purpose of their creation, which Brahm

Design Distance Measurer Based On Fpga Information Technology Essay

Design Distance Measurer Based On Fpga Information Technology Essay There are variety applications in range finder devices. Their main use is in areas where traditional measuring devices such as rulers, tape measures and other measuring devices are impropriate. Nowadays, the traditional measuring device can be replace by modern measuring device such as distance measurer based on laser. It has been implemented in short range distance even long range distance. The idea for using laser for range finding came when we can see that contractor had many problems in measuring the distance of the building especially from the floor to the ceiling. When it came to very high ceiling, such as in hall, stadium even close sport-court, the use of rulers or tape measures really a waste of time even need very hard work. This can be classified as uses in low tech world but in the high tech world, this distance measurer based on laser can be use with binocular in military use, especially for sniper. The observer can get the real distance of the enemy where the sniper can snipe from very far distance. This project is designed to be a laser distance measurer of detecting the distance of the object (wall) up to 10 meter away. The design based on simple physics, the distance travelled between two locations can be easily calculated if the speeds of travel are known. This device calculates the time is takes for a laser travel to, rebound off and return from a stationary object 1.2 Problem Statement Before this, we measure the distance using ruler or measuring tape, so this project design is to help human being by saving time and effort so we can measure the distance faster than before. With the help of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) and the laser sensor, the design is more advance with the one click system and we can get the distance measurement by no time. In military use, the project will help by saving the life of the sniper as well. 1.3 Objective of the Project The objective of this project is to design distance measurer based on laser using FPGA as the microcontroller of the design. 1.4 Project Scope This project paper will involve in the analysis and design distance measurer based on laser, and FPGA as the microcontroller. These concepts are: The user will press the button as input. The laser will activate and laser beam will go direct to the object or surface. Laser beam will hit the object or surface and reflected it back. The sensor will picks up the signal. The flight time from the start and end will be measured. The corresponding distance of the reflecting object or surface is displayed in digital which is in 7 segment display. A few things that need to be considered for this design are: Types of laser sensors. How the instrumentation operates. Output characteristic. Many more issues need to be taken for consideration and this issue will be approached further in the coming chapters. 1.5 Project Plan Generally, this project is divided into five main chapters; namely Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Results and Discussion and Conclusion. CHAPTER 1 discusses on project overview, problem statement, the objective of the project, the scope in order to achieve the objective of the project and the thesis outline. CHAPTER 2 will focus on the literature review of the theory of laser based distance measurer and its development. There are also detailed introduction of the project and the background of various types of FPGA controller, i.e. VHDL, Verilog-HDL, Altera Quartus.. CHAPTER 3 describes about the methodology that will be used in order to complete this project which include the design of laser distance measurer using FPGA as the controller. This will include the selection of the technique use to measure the distance using the laser and the program to be compile with the FPGA board. Furthermore, it also discuss about how the program work on the hardware so that the project with give the result that I want. CHAPTER 4 discusses on the simulation results obtained. The detailed discussion is made to verify the performance and characteristics of the project. It will also discuss the problems and findings throughout the design and simulation of the system. CHAPTER 5 reviews the project outcomes upon the completion. Some suggestions are also made for better improvement in the future so that if anyone want to continue this project for better performance, they will know the basic of how this project start.. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Distance measurement Distance is a numerical description of how the objects are apart. In physics or everyday discussion, distance may refer to a physical length, or an estimate based on other criteria. In mathematics, a distance function or metric is a generalization of the concept of physical distance (Distance, 2010). In science, measurement is the process of estimating or determining the magnitude of a quantity like length or mass, compared with a measurement unit, like a meter or a kilogram (Measurement, 2010). The measure term can also be used to refer to a specific result obtained by the method of measurement Distance measurement is a process where we need distance measuring instrument which can measure the distance if the distance is short or long. The SI unit for each measurement is the meter (m) but there are many units of length such as feet, yard, inches etc, but they are not classified as SI unit of length. Remote sensing using the light sensor is widely used for implementing mobile robot. The main attraction of the distance light detecting means is its user friendliness of how to use it without need knowledge about it. The measurement precision is somewhat limited and care must be taken to ensure that the environment is not subject to temperature changes and the sensor should not be confused by stray reflections from material adjacent to the target. Even with these limitations, laser range finder has a wide application especially when the target is far away and the action required is low. But sometimes the laser must be reflected after the laser strike any target, which means that if the laser hit a transparent material, the calculation cannot be done. But the light system based on distance measurement are inherently more accurate than ultrasound techniques because of the narrow beam angles commonly used and the restrictions of freedom inevitably fundamentally mechanical acoustic signal generation and detection. These are wide ranges of techniques that can be used to measure distance using light. These vary greatly in cost and function of the laser distance measuring system is very expensive in cost compared to the system for measuring distance using ultrasonic. 2.2 Optical Distance Measurement 2.2.1 Introduction Wide variety of industrial, commercial and research use optical sensor for distance measurement. Most sensors use visible or infrared laser beam to project a light spot on a target, the surface on which distance should be measured, the distance from the place back in the light detecting portion of the probe is measuring several ways There are several factors to consider when specifying a laser distance sensor. They include maximum range, sensitivity, target reflectance and specularity, accuracy and resolution and sampling frequency. 2.2.2 Definition Some of the terms that related to optical sensing (e.g. laser or ultrasonic) and distance measurement that must be take notes as some knowledge before the measurement can be done. Some of the knowledge that must be take notes is defined and described briefly here (Glossary of Laser Sensor Terminology, 2010). Target: When a laser pointed at some surface, the light is reflected into the detector in an optical sensor. This can refer to a surface or material designed to reflect light, in which the sensor is pointed. To determine the maximum range of a sensor, reflectance target is the most important factor Cooperative Target: A target or any material designed by the manufacture to reflect the light to a sensor detector. It also provides the return signal to the receiver input higher after the laser beam and more. Cooperative target include glass cube, reflectors corner, retro reflective tape and other material made by several manufacturers. In some applications, the mirror can also be used as targets of cooperation. Figure 2.1: Cooperative Target (Module 6) Uncooperative Target: The material is not specifically designed to reflect light onto the sensor while taking the measurement. Can be generally referred to an object that scattering light. The term is used because the target in return cannot be reflected beam, this includes metal or painted surfaces, liquids and solids or loose granular Figure 2.2: Uncooperative Target (Module 6) Retro reflection: The reflection of light off a target object or surface back in the direction from which it came, for a wide range of angle of incident, either it came in 180 ° reflection or any degree as long it reflect to it sources. It can be said that the retro reflection will produce minimum scattering light. Retro reflection is achieved through multiple reflections within a retro reflector. Retro reflectors include corner cubes and retro reflective tape. A high quality corner cube retro reflector will return virtually all the light entering it to its source. Corner cubes may be used to extend range hundreds or thousands of times over ordinary surfaces. A corner cube array was left on the moon to allow accurate measurement of its distance from the earth. Some of the example item that commonly being used in many applications is retro reflective tape. It typically consists of microspheres or cubes of glass or plastic which act like many tiny retro reflectors. Figure 2.3: Retro reflection Surface (Retroreflector, 2010) Diffuse Reflection: This terms is being use when a light strikes the target and scattered over a wide angle which mean the incident ray reflected in many angles.. Plain white paper of flat (not glossy) wall paint is good diffuse materials. It can be classified as the best uncooperative targets, and may be measured to over a wide range of incident angles (up to 80 degrees for some materials). Untitled.jpg Figure 2.4: Diffuse Reflection Surface (Diffuse Reflection, 2010) Specular Reflection: It occurs when the light strikes a shiny or mirror-like surface and is reflected away in one angle which is same to the angle it reflects. Glass, liquid surfaces and polished metal are specula and generally it needs a sensor configured specifically for specula surfaces. This behaviour is described in the law of reflection where it totally follows the law itself. Figure 2.5: Specular Reflection Surface (Specular Reflection, 2010) Reflectance: The amount of light reflected from the target, expressed as a percentage of incidents light. Diffuse reflectance refers to the amount of light scattered in all directions by a diffuse target. Specular reflectance refers to the amount of reflected light is reflected for example a mirror. Reflectance depends on the target color and composition and the frequency of light is reflected. Diffuse surfaces often vary from 3% to 95% reflectance. Many surfaces such as pain and glossy coated paper are diffuse and specular components of reflection Maximum Range: The maximum distance of sensors that picks up the reflected light and to obtain an accurate measurement of the distance. The maximum range may be limited by laser power, the amount of light reflected from the target and the sensitivity of the detector. It may also be limited by the measurement method used and the distance that the sensor is accurately calibrated Laser Power: It is the optical power level emitted by the laser sensor. The power can be specified as average power or peak power and average, if the sensor output pulses of intermittent light. If all other factors being equal, the maximum range increases in proportion to the square root of laser power, if power is multiplied by four, it will double the maximum range it can achieved. Laser power is expressed in Watts Mill (mW) or watts (W). Sample Rate: The frequency of a sensor updates its output range. The sampling frequency capability of remote sensors varies widely, depending on the measurement method that being used and the design of the devices. The sampling frequency can be as low as one sample every few seconds and run a million samples per second.. Response Time: It is the delay between the time changes in target position and the time changes of the sensor output. This may be more than one sample interval, if the sensor is processing or calibration of the intermediate samples during transmission of the previous sample and then taking the next measurement. Sensitivity: A measure of the ability to obtain a reading on a dark target or with low laser power. Sensitivity decreases at long ranges. Depth of Field: The span of distance over which a measurement sensor can measure distances accurately. This may be limited by the approach of light focus collection and the maximum distance that reflect enough light to the sensor. These two factors will determine how changes in the sensitivity of the sensor with distance. 2.2.3 Performance Of Optical Sensor On Specula And Diffuse Targets All sensors require a bit of laser light to the back surface of the target to operate. The amount of light needed is a measure of the sensitivity of the device. In general, the most sensitive devices are more expensive and accurate measurement of high sampling frequency requires more thought than for lower sampling frequencies. For diffuse targets, the higher the reflectance of the target, the best performance of a sensor will be. Lightweight materials such as wood, paper or white paint is non-cooperative targets that work well at all distances. The 50 darkest carbonaceous materials feet from a rangefinder can return only one ten-millionth of the light that reaches them at a rangefinder. The maximum range and depth of field can be limited to as little as 1.5 of what is possible with ordinary, light-colours surfaces. In addition to the amount of light a surface reflects the way light is reflected can affect the performance of an optical sensor. Many surfaces are partly specula and partially diffuse. These can be difficult to measure the amount of light reflected to a sensor may vary considerably with the angle of the target surface. 2.2.4 Accuracy, Repeatability and Resolution The accuracy of a sensor is a measure of the difference can be provided between the reading of a sensor and the actual distance measured. The resolution is the smallest change in measured distance. The resolution is the smallest change in the distance a sensor can detect and is usually a value smaller than the precision error. Accuracy can be affected by reflection from the target temperature, ambient light, which will generally not affect the resolution. Repeatability is the measure of the stability of the sensor over time. Generally, the sample repeatability sample will be lower for very fast sampling rates, because less time is used for measuring average. As the sampling frequency is lowered, the repeatability will improve, but this cannot continue indefinitely. Beyond some deceleration rate of the sample, the repeatability will start to get worse as the long-term drift in the components and changes in temperature cause changes in output of the sensor. 2.2.5 Spot Size and Divergence Other specifications which may be important are the laser spot size and divergence of the beam. Some applications require a small spot for high-resolution, measurement while others require a larger diameter spot of averaging rough surfaces or for eye safety concerns. 2.2.6 Visible and Infrared Lasers Both visible and infrared (IR) laser are used in distance measurement. For some applications, the advantage of being able to see the spot is an advantage, while others do not want the place to be seen. For some sensors, they have two versions of visible and infrared. IR versions are slightly more sensitive and more accurate than the version visible and IR models have a wider range of laser powers. 2.2.7 Class of Lasers 2.2.7,1 Class I It has no possibility damaging the eye. That is because of a low power of the output (in which eye damage case is impossible, even after the hours of exposure), or because of an enclosure preventing the access of the users to the laser beam during normal operation, any individual, independently of the conditions of exposure to the eyes or the skin, No one can expect to be wounded by a laser of class I. No requirements of safety are necessary to use with the devices of laser class. The lasers of class I are apparatuses with low power which are regarded as sure of all the potential dangers. Some examples of the use of the laser of class I are as follows: the printers laser, CD-ROM devices, the geological equipment of survey and the laboratory equipment of analysis (Laser Safety, 2010). Figure 2.6: Example of Class I Application Laser Printer (Application of Laser Product, 2008) 2,2,7,2 Class II Class II laser can damage the eyes of the person if deliberately looks in the beam for one prolonged period (i.e > 15 minutes). Power of output can be up to 1 mW. This category includes the lasers that emitting a visible light. Certain pointers lasers are in this category. The lasers of class II are of low power which is less than 1mW, lasers of the visible light which could cause damage with the eyes of a person. Some examples of laser use of class II are: demonstrations in class, the pointers laser, devices of aiming and the distance measuring equipment. Avoid looking in a laser beam of class II or pointing a laser beam of class II in the eyes of another person. Avoid looking at class II of the beams laser with telescopic devices. To carry out that the light of a laser beam of class II in the eyes causes a normal reaction to divert the glance or to close the eyes (Laser Safety Policy, 2010). Figure 2.7: Example of Class II Application Barcode Scanner (Application of Laser Product, 2008) 2.2.7.3 Class IIa Laser class where it is in the low-power output of Class II ans the laser requires in excess of 1000 seconds of continuous viewing to produce a burn to the retina. Commercial laser scanners are in this subclass (Laser Safety, 2010). Figure 2.8: Example of Class IIa Application Laser Disco Light (Starfield Projector, 2007) 2.2.7.4 Class IIIa The lasers of class IIIa are from continuous wave. The lasers in this class are most of the time dangerous in combination with the optical instruments which change the density of diameter or power of beam. The power of the output is not exceeding 5 MW. The density of power of beam cannot exceed 2.5 mW/square centimetres. Many sights of laser for weapons with fire and indicators of laser are in this category of devices with intermediate output power (1-5 mW). Some examples of the uses of laser of class IIIa are identical to that laser of class II with the most popular uses being indicators of laser and modules of laser scanner. The direct viewing of the laser beam of IIIa of class could be dangerous with the eyes. Directly do not look at the laser beam of IIIa of class (Laser Safety, 2010) . Figure 2.9: Example of Class IIIa Application Military Equipment (Marushin M16A1) 2.2.7.5 Class IIIb The lasers in this class can damage if the beam enters the eye directly. This generally applies to the lasers actuated starting from 5-500 mW. The lasers in this category can damage permanent eye with exposures of 1/100th one second or less according to the force of the laser and the lasers at the end of high power of this class can also present a fire hazard and can slightly burn the skin. A diffuse reflection is generally not dangerous but the specular reflections can be like dangerous that is direct exposures. All times that occupying a control field of laser, carry the suitable protection of eye. Protective Eyewear is recommended when the direct viewing of beam of the lasers of IIIb of class can occur. Some examples of the uses of laser of IIIb of class are spectrometry, stereo lithography, and the light of entertainment shows (Laser Safety Policy, 2010). Figure 2.10: Example of Class IIIb Application Military Equipment (Azari, 1998-2009) 2.2.7.6 Class IV The lasers of class which is the majority of entertainment, industrialists, scientists, military and medical are in this category. Some examples of use of laser of class IV are surgery, research, drilling, cutting, welding, and the lasers micromachining in this class produced powers moreover than >500mW or pulsed of >10 J/cm2 in the beam and can damage considerably and permanent the eye or the skin without being magnify by optical system of eye or instrumentation. It can be dangerous to peel or observe diffuse reflexions of the laser beam in the nominal zone of risk. The lasers of class IV are devices of high power. The direct beam and the diffuse reflections of the lasers of class IV are dangerous with the eyes and the skin. The devices of laser of class IV can also be a fire hazard according to the reaction of the target once struck. Orders much larger are required to ensure the sure exploitation of this class of the devices of laser. All times that occupying a control field of las er, carry the suitable protection of eye. The majority of the damage of eye of laser occur reflected beams of the light of laser of class IV, thus maintain all materials reflective left the beam. Do not place your hand or any other part of body in the laser beam of class IV (Laser Safety, 2010). Figure 2.11: Example of Class IV Application Laboratory Equipment (Oxford, 2009) 2.2.8 Method of Measuring Distance Based On Laser Lasers can be used in various ways to measure distances or travel without physical contact. Laser length measurements allow the most sensitive and accurate records for extremely rapid and larger measurement ranges, even if these qualities are usually not combined with a single technique. According to specific requests, very different technical approaches may be appropriate. Some laser applications such as in architecture, inspection of manufacturing facilities, crime scene investigation (CSI), and the army (Paschotta D. R., 2010). 2.2.8.1 Triangular Measurement Method It exploits the ability of a laser beam to propagate in a well-collimated form (ie with small divergence) over long distances. In a typical case, the laser beam illuminates a point and the laser is essentially used as a pointer. Diffuse or specular reflections of this item are followed by a detector that is mounted in a distance from the laser beam, so that the laser source, object and detector form a triangle. The principal is same like the ship trying to find the distance from the shore (Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology, 2010). Figure 2.12: Triangulation Method (B., C., D., 2010) The high detection rate, it is possible to control the position of a moving or vibrating example: part of some machines. The precision obtained is very accurate compared with other devices. For diffuse reflections, the distance may be limited by the obligation to receive a sufficient amount of reflected optical power, with specular reflection, a greater distance can be measured, but a sort of angular alignment is required (Paschotta D. R., 2010). 2.2.8.2 Time-Of-Flight Measurement Method Time of flight measurements are often used to measure a distance, used for example in an airplane, possibly in the form of laser scanning radar. Here, a device sends an optical pulse and measure short time until a reflected portion of the pulse is controlled. The distance is then calculated using the speed of light. This method usually used for measuring distance, like hundreds of meters or several miles. By using advanced techniques (involving high-quality telescopes, very sensitive photo detector, etc..) With the precision of a few centimeters, it is possible to measure e.g. the distance between Earths and to obtain an accurate profile of a dam. Over time, measures are preferably used in flight for long distances, the beam quality of laser source is crucial. For large distances, high pulse energies are required. This may raise issues of laser safety, especially if the laser wavelength is not in the eye safe region. For nanojoule to microjoule pulse energies (as required for medium distances), it is possible to use a chip laser passive Q-switched Er: Yb glass, which can generate pulses rather short (the duration of the order of 1 ns) with pulse energies of Yb: about 10 ÃŽÂ ¼J in the spectral region to eye safety (Paschotta D. R., 2010). 2.2.8.3 Phase Shift Measurement Method The method of phase shift usually use in laser rangefinders, a technique for measuring distances in the following manner. A laser beam with sinusoidally modulated optical power is sent to a target. Some reflected light (diffuse sources or specular reflections) is monitored, and phase modulation power is compared to the light sent. The phase shift obtained is 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ times the time of flight time frequency modulation. This shows that higher modulation frequencies can result in better spatial resolution. Although the phase shift is directly proportional to the duration of the flight, the length of time of flight method should be reserved for cases where one really measures a delay time more directly. Figure 2.13: Phase Shift Method (Dixon Henlich, 1997) With regard to an interferometer, the phase shift method has an ambiguity in the distance, because with the distance from the phase varies periodically. However, the frequency is much greater than in an interferometer, since the frequency modulation is much smaller than the optical frequency. In addition, ambiguity can be easily removed, for example, by measuring with two different modulation frequencies. 2.3 FPGA Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) are ICs that contain an array of identical logic blocks with programmable interconnections. It also can be classified as one of the programmable logic device (PLD). There are also some other type of PLD which is Simple Programmable Logic Device (SPLD) and Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD). The user can program the function realized by each logic block and the connections between the blocks. FPGAs have revolutionized the way prototyping and designing are done. The flexibility offered by reprogrammable FPGAs has enhanced the design process. There are a variety of FPGA products available in market now. Xilinx, Altera, Lattice Semiconductor, Actel, Cypress, Quick Logic and Atmel are examples of companies that design and sell FPGAs. 2.3.1 DE2 Board Figure 2.14: DE2 Board Model EP2C35F672C6 (DE2 Development and Education User Manual) The following hardware is provided on the DE2 board: Altera Cyclone ® II 2C35 FPGA device Altera Serial Configuration device EPCS16 USB Blaster (on board) for programming and user API control; both JTAG and Active Serial (AS) programming modes are supported 512-Kbyte SRAM 8-Mbyte SDRAM 4-Mbyte Flash memory (1 MByte on some boards) SD Card socket 4 pushbutton switches 8 toggle switches 18 red user LEDs 9 green user LEDs 50-MHz oscillator and 27-MHz oscillator for clock sources 24-bit CD-quality audio CODEC with line-in, line-out, and microphone-in jacks VGA DAC (10-bit high-speed triple DACs) with VGA-out connector TV Decoder (NTSC/PAL) and TV-in connector 10/100 Ethernet Controller with a connector USB Host/Slave Controller with USB type A and type B connectors RS-232 transceiver and 9-pin connector PS/2 mouse/keyboard connector IrDA transceiver Two 40-pin Expansion Headers with diode protection 2.3.2 Block Diagram of the DE2 Board Figure 2.15: Block Diagram of DE2 Board Model EP2C35F672C6 (DE2 Development and Education User Manual) 2.3.3 Cyclone II Altera Cyclone II FPGA density range has 68,416 logic elements (GE) and provide up to 622 usable I / O pins and up to 1.1 Mbits of embedded memory. Cyclone II FPGAs are manufactured on 300mm wafers. The low cost and optimized feature set of Cyclone II FPGAs make ideal solutions for a wide range of automotive, consumer, communications, video processing, test and measurement, and other end-market solutions. Devices that support the Fast-On feature are designated with an A in the code of the controller. The EP2C5A is only available in the class of vehicle speed. The EP2C8A and EP2C20A are only available in the category of industrial speed. The EP2C15A is only available with the Fast-On feature and is available in both commercial and industrial categories. Figure 2.16: DE2 Board Model EP2C35F672C6 (DE2 Development and Education User Manual) 2.3.4 Evolution of Programmable Logic An FPGAs has grown in the past twenty years since the introduction. In the early 1970s, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) had been on the market. These devices used two-level logic structures which are AND plane as the first level of logic which generally fixed while the second level known as OR plane which is programmable. Figure 2.17: Some Example Of PLD Basic Circuit (David, 2006) 2.3.5 FPGA Types Configuration Technology Technology Overview And Features SRAM Based An external device program the device on power up. It allows fast reconfiguration. Configuration is volatile. Device can be reconfigured in circuit. Anti-Fuse Based Configuration is set by burning internal fuses to implements the desired functionality. Configuration is non volatile and cannot be changed. EPROM based Configuration is similar to EPROM devices. Configuration is non-volatile. Device must be configured out of the circuit. EEPROM based Configuration is similar to EEPROM devices. Configuration is non-volatile. Device must be configured out of the circuit. 2.3.6 Advantages of FPGAs However they have compensating advantages, largely due to the fact that they are standard parts. FPGA has larger capacity, more architecture and more register than other PLD. It is because the FPGA is the evolution of the PLD before it. There is no wait from completing the design to obtaining a working chip. The design can be programmed into the FPGA and tested immediately. FPGAs are excellent prototyping vehicles. When the FPGA is used in the final design, the jump from prototype to product is much smaller and easier to negotiate. The same FPGA can be used in several different designs, reducing inventory costs. 2.3.7 Disadvantages of FPGAs FPGAs are not custom parts, so they arent good at any particular function as dedicated chip designed for that application. FPGAs are generally slower and burn more power than custom logic. FPGAs are also relatively expensive. 2.3.8Types of FPGA Reprogrammable (SRAM-based) Xilinx, Altera

Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Essays -- Technology Science Gene

Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning New areas of science often raise questions about safety. Reflecting back on the past medical technologies invented, people have always opposed it but often benefit from it later on in life. The use of in-vitro fertilization, for instance, was once a controversial issue. Some people worried that society could discriminate against humans produced as a result of IVF and humans could spread diseases. Furthermore, its usefulness cannot be predicted because it is just a research tool, and so on. Today, those worries and concerns have not manifested, but instead have brought joy and happiness to families. The people born through IVF process are as happy and equal as any other average child. It is the same with cloning technology. Upon all that we have gained from past medical technology, a majority of people have failed to see that new medical breakthrough will become as beneficial as the past ones if it is allowed to be researched. Cloning is a controversial issue because it is a new area of science and people are once again worried that, this technology will become a dangerous weapon to the society. Cloning is the creating of a genetically identical copy of an original plant or animal by using biological materials such as DNA segment (e.g. a gene or other region). According to Wilmut, The copies produced through cloning have identical genetic makeup and are known as clones. Many organisms in nature reproduce by cloning (asexually). Scientists use cloning techniques in the laboratory to create copies of cells or organisms with value traits. Their work aims to find practical applications for cloning that will produce advances in medicine, biological research, and industry.... ...ld pass a similar law and allow at least research, if not experimentation. Anxieties people have about cloning are similar to concerns about past medical technologies. This is also true about technologies in general, for instance people questioned the importance and abilities of computers, etc. Some new areas of science in the past brought up apprehensions, these technologies turned out to be beneficial to mankind. Cloning technology is now a new area of science and people are concerned about the safety and morals behind it. This system could become as stable as past medical technologies only if research is allowed. If laws are pass (with some restrictions) it could ensure that research is carried out without interfering with the principles of nature, ensures that everyone has equal access to the technology, and also used in serious cases not for pleasure.